![]() Originally developed in C for English only by Paul Rayson, Together various pointers to those projects and publications produced The framework has been designedĪnd used across a number of research projects and this page collects The UCREL semantic analysis system is a framework for undertaking ![]() USAS Home Page | English tagger demo | pymusas | Projects | People | Publications | Wmatrix The VHF tracking systems we typically use are manufactured by Telonics, Inc.UCREL Semantic Analysis System (USAS) UCREL Semantic Analysis System (USAS) However, the drawback is that the precision of locating animals is not the best, and turtles must be at the surface in order for the VHF transmissions to be received. The value of this technique is that it is a relatively low cost tool that can be easily used in local tracking efforts, and there are some tags as small as 1 g in weight, which allow tracking of very small turtles. VHF telemetry, also known as radio telemetry, is a technique that uses tags affixed to the carapace of turtles that emit a very high frequency radio signal, usually in the range of 148-152 MHz. The two companies that we’ve had great success with are Vemco and Sonotronics, Inc. In passive tracking, an array of 2 or more stationary receivers are put into the study area and constantly scan for whatever frequencies are being transmitted by the acoustic tags. For active tracking, the researcher uses a hand-held ‘hydrophone’ to monitor the sound emitted from the acoustic tags that are attached to the turtles. Both active and passive acoustic tracking are used for monitoring movements of sea turtles. The value of these systems is for on-demand tracking, which enables the research to go into the field and find the turtle whenever they please, assuming the animal is in the study area. The transmission distance of these tags is not the greatest depending on habitat complexity, water depth, and substrate type, transmissions can be anywhere from 25 m to 1 km. There are several different transmitter manufacturers that we and our colleagues have had great success with, including Telonics, Inc., Sirtrack, and Wildlife Computers.Īcoustic or ‘sonic’ telemetry is great for tracking of turtles resident to nearshore habitat. GPS tags, although more expensive, are a great tool for studying local habitat use and fine-scale movements of sea turtles residing in coastal foraging areas. ARGOS tags are most useful for tracking the long-distance migrations of sea turtles, especially when fine-scale movement data are not needed. These tags employ both ARGOS-linked tracking and GPS tracking technologies. ![]() Click here for a summary of MTEAP’s satellite telemetry efforts.įor tracking long distance migration, we recommend the use of platform terminal transponders (PTT), also known as satellite transmitters. Credit: Kate Cummings Biotelemetryįor tracking individual turtles over long distances or for studying the daily behaviors of sea turtles assemble in foraging areas or near nesting beaches, there are a variety of biotelemetry techniques that we use to study sea turtles around the Pacific. The PIT systems we use are manufactured by Avid, Inc. Thus, for projects hoping for tags to be recovered by other researchers or fishers that encounter tagged turtle, PIT tags are not the best instead we recommend the use of external flipper tags. They have the great benefit of maximum retention, approaching the life of the animal, and low failure rates. These are useful for long-term studies, but are less noticeable than external flipper tags. Passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) are applied subcutaneously to the fore flipper of a turtle. We’ve found these to have the greatest retention and lowest corrosion rates of the various flipper tags we’ve tried in the past. The type of tag we use and the tag applicator can be found here. We use National Band and Tag Company’s Style 681 Inconel Tag. Below is a short summary of the different types of tags used by our research program Flipper Tags From flipper tagging nesting females to Passive Integrated transponder (PIT) tags and biotelemetry techniques, these tagging efforts help facilitate research and understanding of sea turtles across species and life stages. The researchers in the Marine Turtle Ecology & AssessmentProgram utilize numerous types of tags and methods to track, identify and monitor sea turtles. Adult female green turtle in San Diego Bay equipped with a GPS satellite tag.
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